Administrator, Department of Nutrition and Food Science - Helwan University.
September 2002
Assistant Lecturer, Department of Nutrition and Food Science - Helwan University.
May 2006
Lecturer, Department of Nutrition and Food Science - Helwan University.
May 2015
Assistant Professor, Department of Nutrition and Food Science - Helwan University from May 2015 until 2022.
September 2022
Professor of Therapeutic nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Science - Helwan University from May 2022 until now.
January 2010
Assistant Professor of Clinical Nutrition “Nutritional Biochemistry”, Community Health Sciences Department, King Saud University, KSA from 2010 until 2022
March 2022
Associate Professor of Clinical Nutrition “Nutritional Biochemistry”,, Community Health Sciences Department, King Saud University, KSA from 2010 until 2021 till now.
Scientific and field activities
2007
Attendance and participation at the eleven conference of home economics, organized by Faculty of Home Economics – Menofia university from 7-9 August 2007 under the theme (home economics and challenges of the times) and Title "The impact of the Egyptian tomato sauce and tomato juice as a source of lycopene on rats suffering from Chronic Hepatitis".
2008
Participating research of my PhD thesis in my first International Conference for Food Industries and Biotechnology, which was organized by Al-Baath University - Syria from 25-27 November 2008 and Title "biological effect of hydrocarbons resulting from the cooked meats using methods and Grilling thing on experimental rats".
2009
Attendance at the annual conference as a listener of the first - entitled
“The Fourth Arab (Academic Accreditation of institutions and high quality education programs in Egypt and the Arab world, "the reality and hoped" in the period 8-9 April 2009 Faculty of Specific Education - Mansoura University.)
2012
Participated in the Arab Scientific Conference entitled "Prospects for Arab Cooperation for Community Development", Helwan University,
Egypt.
2013
Attended the 2nd scientific meeting of college of applied medical sciences, KSU, at Sheraton hotel Riyadh.
2013
Participated in the NPST workshop “towards distinguished outcomes for the national plan projects”, at KSU, building 26 (B).
2013
Participated in the CME/PD activity of health care development for elderly research chair, entitled " elderly health care: Japanese experience" , at King Khalid university hospitals.
2013
Attended the patient safety symposium and forum, at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Convention center
2013
Share in Diet & Nutrition Surveillance in Saudi Arabia; workshop, Saudi
food and drug authority at Sheraton hotel Riyadh
2013
Attended the workshop (methods of supplementation and detection of vitamin D in nutritional products), Saudi Food and Drug Authority, food
sector conducted at Madareem Crown hotel, Riyadh
2014
Attended the first Saudi Conference for Research Support conference, at King Abdulaziz city for science and technology, conference center
Riyadh.
2014
Attended the 3rd Saudi international nanotechnology conference, at King Abdulaziz city for science and technology, conference center,
Riyadh
2015
Attended the 2nd Saudi international conference on scientific publishing, at King Saud University, Riyadh
2016
1 poster presentations and case discussion in ESPEN Congress 2016, conducted at Bella Sky Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
2017
Attended the International Congress in Health Informatics, at King
Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Convention center
2017
1 poster presentations in 39th ESPEN Congress 2017, conducted at world forum conference Center, Hague, the Netherlands.
2017
Attended the first symposium of community health sciences department (women health), dentistry hall, King Saud University Medical City.
2018
Attended the “Pediatric Medical Nutrition symposium” held at King Fahad Medical City.
2019
Attended the Conference of Promoting Healthy Living, Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, KSA.
2020
Attended the 34th International Conference of Alzheimer’s Disease International, Virtual Event, from 10-12 December. Singapore.
2021
Attended The Second International Conference on Sport Sciences and Physical Activity "The future of sport during epidemics and crises", King Saud University, KSA.
2021
Attended The First International Conference on public health in Africa (CPHIA) from 14-16 Dec. 2021 (Online) Tunisia.
2022
Attended International Conference on Practice Facilitation Building resilience and promoting professional wellness for practices, facilitators, and research teams. September 8-9, 2022 • Savannah, Georgia.
2022
Attended the Sustainable Partnerships Conference. 23-24 November, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
2022
Attended the 10th International Conference on Water Resources and Arid Environments. 26-28 December, Riyadh. Saudi Arabia.
Teaching
Teaching within the Faculty in the Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Helwan University since 2000 until 2009 in the area of specialization for the following articles.
Principles of nutrition (practical) to the First Year "general division ".
Food sciences and analysis (practical) to the Second Division, nutrition and Food Science department.
Food Technology (applied) for the Fourth Division, nutrition and Food Science department.
Food rationing (applied) for the Fourth Division, department of education.
Cooking for groups (applied) to the Third Division, nutrition and Food Science department.
Advanced nutrition (applied) to the Third Division.
Human nutrition (applied) to the Second Division.
Educational products (applied) for the Fourth Division, nutrition and food sciences and educational departments
Planning and preparing meals (applied) for the Second Division.
Course of human rights (theoretical) for the second division of Nutrition and Food Science department.
Consumption rationalization (theoretical) for the second Division of Nutrition and Food Science department.
Assessment of the nutritional status (theoretical) of the Fourth Division, Nutrition and Food Science department.
Nutritional problems in developing countries (theoretical) of the Fourth Division, Nutrition and Food Science department.
Supervising the education process of the Fourth Division, Education department.
Supervising the summer training for group feeding nutrition of the Third Brigade, nutrition and Food Science department.
Supervision of the summer training course "nutritional management in hospitals" of the second Division of Nutrition and Food Science.
Supervising the student's project for the graduate year, nutrition and Food Science department.
Human physiology, CHS215
Principals of nutrition, CHS214
Community Nutrition, CHS345
Clinical Nutrition
program, college of applied medical sciences,
King Saud University, From 2010- 2023.
Principals of nutrition, CHS266
Theoretical & practical curricula for undergraduate students of clinical nutrition program
Nutrition education& patient
counseling, CHS 456
Nutrition and Health education, CHS
465
Nutrition and disease, CHS 470
Personal health, CHS 311
Community Health, CHS 212
Fundamentals of public health, CHS 382
Seminar in clinical nutrition, CHS 591
Nutrition biochemistry 1, CHS 264
Nutrition biochemistry 2, CHS 267
Functional Foods, CHS 457
Nutrition General Department, Ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
Training course of Nutrition General Department (2010-2011) about Kidney diseases’ patients & malnutrition in hospitals.
Training courses for Registered dietitians
Community medicine department, collage of medicine, King
Saud University
Nutrition in health and disease (2012- 2013, 2016-2017)
R4 candidates of Saudi board of community medicine
Societies and Associations
follower
American College of Nutrition
Member
Member of the Egyptian Society of Home Economics since 2001.
Member
Member of the Assembly of Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental
Protection since 2008.
Other tasks
Helwan University
Member of the Supervisory and Monitoring Commission on the restaurant's central campus, Helwan University, with Prof. Dr. Abd el- Rahman Attiya ex-dean of the faculty in the period from September 2007
until July 2009.
Helwan University
Member of the Committee of Development the educational infrastructure for the laboratories of graduate studies, 2008.
Helwan University
Member of the receipt and inspection of food, Helwan University since 2005 and until 2008.
King Saud University
Member of Academic Guidance Committee in Community Health Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, KSU from September 2010.
King Saud University
Participate as a member of Quality Assurance and Accreditation Unit in faculty of Home Economics from January 2008 to December 2009 and in the same carrier in King Saud University, collage of Applied Medical
Sciences 2010.
King Saud University
Member of Quality Assurance and Accreditation Committee in Community Health Sciences Department, KSU from June 2010.
King Saud University
Member of Plans and Curricula Committee in Community Health Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, KSU from September 2010.
King Saud University
Member of safety and prevention Committee in College of Applied Medical Sciences, KSU from January 2010.
King Saud University
Member of Commission of Studying the Mechanism of integrating English
language learning skills in the academic departments courses in College of Applied Medical Sciences, KSU from January 2010.
King Saud University
Member of National Nutrition Policy Chair, Community Health Sciences
Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, KSU from April 2010 till 2016.
King Saud University
Member of Quality Assurance and Accreditation unit, College of Applied
Medical Sciences, KSU from January 2014.
King Saud University
Member of department site development Committee in Community Health Sciences Department, KSU, from 2016.
King Saud University
Member of community service Committee in Community Health Sciences
Department, KSU, from 2017- 2023
King Saud University
Member of the ISO 9001-2015 Standard Study Team at the University from 2016-2018.
King Saud University
Member of TOT ‘Train of the Trainer’, KSU, from 2019.
King Saud University
Member of Peer review team of Deanship of Skills Development, from 2017.
Research activity & Funded projects
Ex-Co-investigator
Research group no 193, (Total Budget: SR 150,000), funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saudi University, KSA
Co-investigator
Research group no 024, (Total Budget: SR 150,000), funded by the
Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saudi University, KSA
Co-investigator
Novel Food Fortification Systems to Combat Vitamin D Deficiency in Saudi Arabia. Project Number: 12-NAN 2576-02 (Total Budget: SR 1,394,400), funded by the national plan of science, technology and
innovation, King Abdul-Aziz City for Science & Technology (KACST)
The Principal Investigator (PI)
Research group no 1439-81, (Total Budget: SR 150,000), funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saudi University, KSA.
The Principal Investigator (PI)
RSP no RSP2023R349, funded by the Researchers Supporting Project at King Saudi University, KSA.
Co-investigator
Research and Innovation group no KSRG-2023-378, (Total Budget: SR 150,000), funded by King Salman Center for Disability Research, KSA.
Publications
Non-ISI publications
Effect of Egyptian Tomato Sauce and Tomato Fresh Juice as a Source of Lycopene on Rats Suffering From Chronic Liver Diseases.Rasha S. Ahmed, Mona M. El-Said, Mohamed F. El-Sadek and Bayomey A.M. Journal of Home Economics, Minufiya University., 17 (3): 219-235,
2007.
Influence of Grape Juice on the Reconditioning of Rats Suffering From Chronic Liver Disease. El-Sadek, M.F., Farahat, E.S. and El-Metwally, E. Journal of Biological Chemistry and Environmental Sciences., 3 (1): 1- 10, 2008.
The Protective Effect of the Fortified Bread with Green Tea Against Chronic Renal Failure Induced by Excessive Dietary Arginine in Male Albino Rats. Ashraf A. Abd El-Megeid, Inas Z.A. AbdAllah, M.F. Elsadek and Yasmeen F. Abd El-Moneim. World Journal of Dairy & Food
Sciences., 4 (2): 107-117, 2009.
Effect of Aloe Vera Ethanol Extract on Diabetic Rats. M. F. El-Sadek. Egypt. J. Of Nutrition and Health., 6 (1): 63-74, 2011.
Protective Effect of Red Grape Seed and Peel Extracts on Obese
Hypercholestrolemic Rats. M. F. El-Sadek. Egyptian J. Of Nutrition. 27 (3): 85-111, 2012
Chemical constituents of Eruca sativa and treatment activity against paracetamol inducing hepatic injury in experimental rats. ELSadek, M. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Health. 9(1): 1-12, 2014.
Effects of avocado fruit and Coenzyme Q10 administration on potassium bromide induced oxidative stress in rats. Elsadek. M.F. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Health. 2014.
Potential effect of fortified pan bread with aloe vera juice on alloxan-
induced diabetic rats. May Al-Muammar,M.F. Elsadek and Mona El- Shafie. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 13(1):17-24, 2016.
Effect of Vitamin D Repletion by Medication Versus Sunlight-Exposure on the Testicular Functions of Vitamin D Deficient Rats. Mahmoud M.A. Abulmeaty; Alaa I. Ali; Mohamed F. El-sadek and Ebtesam M. Ibrahim.
Med. J. Cairo Univ., 87(1): 315-323, 2019.
ISI Publications
Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of olive and fenugreek leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. M.F. ELSADEK, MONA A. ABD
EL-BASSET, A. ALMAJWAL. PROGRESS IN NUTRITION. 15(3): 175-183, 2013.
Anti-hepatotoxic prospect of Panax Ginseng extract and/or Selenium against D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in experimental rats. Ali
Lipid-lowering and hepatoprotective effects of Vitis vinifera dried seeds on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Ali Madi Almajwal and Mohamed Farouk Elsadek. Nutrition Research and Practice. 9(1):37-42, 2015.
Curative effect of orally consumed Aloe vera juice on Ochratoxin A- induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Mona El-Shafie, Hany Gaber Elmasry, Mohamed Farouk Elsadek, Ali Madi AlMajwal. Progress in Nutrition.
17(2): 128-136, 2015.
Antioxidant effects of ginger, cinnamon and combination on Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia associated oxidative stress in
rats. Mohamed Farouk ElSadek, Ali Madi Almajwal, Mahmoud Mustafa Ali Abulmeaty. Progress in Nutrition. 18 (4): 421-428, 2016.
MON-LB273: Novel Vitamin D-Nanoemulsion Developed by Sonication and PH-Shifting of Pea Protein Isolate Enhances Intestinal Absorption of Vitamin D in Rats. AM Almajwal, MMA Abulmeaty, JE Andrade, MF Elsadek, S Razak. Clinical Nutrition. 35, S253-S254, 2016.
Physical activity and its associated factors in females with type 2 diabetes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Mohamed, Badreldin Abdelrhman, Mohamed Salih Mahfouz, and Mohamed Farouk Badr. " PloS one, 15 (10):1-15. 2020.
Evaluation of anticarcinogenic and antioxidant properties of Eruca sativa extracts versus Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. Elsadek MF, El-Din MM, Ahmed BM. Journal of King Saud University-Science. 2021 Jun 1;33(4):101435.
Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to periodontal scaling for treating periodontitis in geriatric patients. Elsadek MF, Farahat MF. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2022 Mar 1;26(6):1832-8.
Impact of photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment on clinical and biochemical parameters among patients having mild rheumatoid arthritis with periodontitis. Elsadek MF, Farahat MF. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2022 Mar 1;37:102698.
Effect of sakuranin on carbohydrate-metabolizing enzyme activity modifications in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic wistar rats. Elsadek MF, Ahmed BM. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2022 Mar 1;29(3):1402-6.
Assessment of clinical and radiographic peri‑implant parameters in the obese and non-obese, along with destructive pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β-and IL-6 in patients treated with Photodynamic therapy. Elsadek MF, Almoajel A. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2022 Sep 1;39:102844.
Evaluation of Potentially Toxic Trace Metals and Associated Health Risk Assessment in Buffalo Milk. Rafiq A, Shah MH, Mohany M, Tahir AA, Elsadek MF, Qayyum MA, Abbasi AM. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022 Nov 9;19(22):14678.
S-adenosylmethionine synthase-derived GR15 peptide suppresses proliferation of breast cancer cells by upregulating the caspase-mediated apoptotic pathway: In vitro and in silico analyses. Velayutham M, Haridevamuthu B, Elsadek MF, Rizwana H, Juliet A, Karuppiah KM, Arockiaraj J. Journal of King Saud University-Science. 2022 Nov 1;34(8):102354.
Clinical and bacterial outcomes of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of chronic necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis. Elsadek MF. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2022 Sep 1;39:102977.
Effect of a genetic variant in the JAZF1 gene among obesity population. Elsadek MF. Journal of King Saud University-Science. 2022 Jul ;34(5).
Association between SORT1 gene polymorphism studies in obesity population. Elsadek MF, Almoajel A. Journal of King Saud University-Science. 2022 Jul 1;34(5):102052.
Assessment of peri-implant parameters clinical and radiographic in obese and non-obese along with destructive pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β-and IL-6 treated with Photodynamic therapy. Elsadek MF, Almoajel A. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2022 Apr 2:102844-.
Ameliorative effects of ribes rubrum oil against gastric ulcers caused by indomethacin in experimental models. Elsadek MF, Almoajel A, Farahat MF. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2022 Jan 1;29(1):30-4.
Human health risk hazards by heavy metals through consumption of vegetables cultivated by wastewater. Andleeb S, Rehman KU, Mahmood A, Elsadek MF, Safa NU, Hussein DS, El-Din MM. Journal of King Saud University-Science. 2023 Feb 1;35(2):102467.
Efficacy of Carnosine administration along with or without Coenzyme Q10 on sodium valproate induced testicular toxicity in vivo models. Elsadek MF, Alquraishi MI. Journal of King Saud University-Science. 2023 Jan 1;35(1):102435.
In Silico Structural and Functional Analyses of NLRP3 Inflammasomes to Provide Insights for Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases. Ghazi, B. K., Bangash, M. H., Razzaq, A. A., Kiyani, M., Girmay, S., Chaudhary, W. R., ... & Elsadek, M. F. BioMed Research International. 2023 Jan 1;2023.
Proximate composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties of the haustorium from Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) and Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer L.). Narayanankutty A, Job JT, Kuttithodi AM, Sasidharan A, Benil PB, Ramesh V, Elsadek MF, Rizwana H, El-Din MM. Journal of King Saud University-Science. 2023 Jan 1;35(1):102404.
Chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine-mediated photodynamic therapy improves peri-implant parameters and crevicular fluid cytokine levels in cigarette smokers with chronic hyperglycemia. Elsadek MF, Almoajel A, Sonbol AM, Aljarbou HM. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2023 Mar 1;41:103309.
Effectiveness of two photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy for treating moderate peri-implant infections in type-II diabetes mellitus patients: A randomized clinical trial. Elsadek MF. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2023 Jun 1:103643.
Clinical and bacterial periodontal parameters with methylene blue-loaded nanoparticles incorporated in a natural plant-based vehicle for the treatment of Stage III Grade B periodontitis. Elsadek MF, Almoajel A. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2023 Jun 1;42:103586.
Investigating the Avocado (Persea americana) fruit's anti-anxiety potentials in rat models. Elsadek MF, Alquraishi MI. Journal of King Saud University-Science. 2023 Feb 1;35(2):102504.
Synthesis, characterization and biological investigation of zinc nanoparticles using Acacia modesta Wall. leaves. Ghauri H, Zahra Q, Raza J, Hammad RM, Elsadek MF, Almoajel A, Gawwad MR, Aziz A, Munir N, Ullah H, Khan RU. Accepted July 2023
Optimization of different growth parameters for maximum production of bioactive crude metabolites by Aspergillus fumigatus. Farooq S, Fiaz I, Ahmad H, Hameed H, Rizwan M, Khan A, Ahmad J, Elsadek MF, Almoajel A, Hussein Y, Mohammed E. Accepted July 2023
Review Articles:
Elsadek MF, Ahmed BM, Farahat MF. An Overview on Synthetic 2-Aminothiazole-Based Compounds Associated with Four Biological Activities. Molecules 2021, 26, 1449. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051449. ISI, impact factor; 2019, 3.267.
El-Shabasy RM, Elsadek MF, Ahmed BM, Farahat MF, Mosleh KM, Taher MM. Recent Developments in Carbon Quantum Dots: Properties, Fabrication Techniques, and Bio-Applications. Processes. 2021; 9(2):388. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020388. ISI, impact factor; 2019, 2.753.
Al Jahdaly BA, Elsadek MF, Ahmed BM, Farahat MF, Taher MM, Khalil AM. Outstanding Graphene Quantum Dots from Carbon Source for Biomedical and Corrosion Inhibition Applications: A Review. Sustainability. 2021; 13(4):2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042127. ISI, impact factor; 2019, 2.576.
Conference papers:
Almajwal AM, Abulmeaty MA, Elsadek MF. Validity of prediction equations for the assessment of REE in sample of Saudi males. Diabetes Care, (Middle East Edition). 2015; 12(2): p14. (IF=8.934)
Almajwal AM, Abulmeaty MMA, Andrade JE, Elsadek MF, Razak S and project no: 12-NAN 2576-02 funded by the national plan of science, technology and innovation, King Abdul-Aziz City for Science & Technology (KACST). Novel vitamin D-nanoemulsion developed by sonication and pH shifting of pea protein isolate enhances intestinal absorption of vitamin D in rats. Clinical Nutrition, 2016; 35(1): S253- S254. (IF=4.487)
Alruwaili NW, Abulmeaty MMA, Almajwal AM, Elsadek MF, Razak S, Andrade JE. Novel vitamin D-Nanoemulsion improves testicular function of vitamin D deficient rats. FASEB J 2017; 31 (1):lb389. (IF=5.299)
Almajwal AM, Abulmeaty MMA, Elsadek MF, Aldisi D, Alquraishii M, Razak S, AlmadaniNK, Hassan HM. ASSOCIATION OF THE DIETARYAND LIFESTYLE FACTORS WITH THE LONG-TERM CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN THE URBAN SAUDI POPULATION DURING EARLY ADULTHOOD. Clinical
Mansour S, Abulmeaty M, Almajwal A, ElSadek MF, Razak S. Energy homeostasis in a hypovitaminosis D-hypoirisinemic rat model. Acta Physiol, 2017; 221(S713): 135. (IF=4.867)
Mohame F. Badr. Antioxidants and antidiabetic effects of fortified cake with zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) flowers on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. مجلة البحوث فی مجالات التربیة النوعیة,( (الاقتصاد المنزلی2018; 17 (4): 247-260.
Mohame F. Badr, Mohamed K. Habib. Antioxidants and antidiabetic effects of fortified cake with zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) flowers on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. مجلة البحوث فی مجالات التربیة النوعیة,( (الاقتصاد المنزلی2018; 17 (4): 261-271.
Mohamed F. Elsadek, Mohamed K.Y. Habib. Exploration The Hepatoprotective Activity Of Lemon Balm Leaves (Melissa Officinalis L.) In A Rat Model Of Oxytetracycline-Induced Fatty Liver. Journal of Home Economics, Volume 28, December (4), 2018; 1-21.
Mohamed F. Elsadek. Administration of Ficus Carica L Fruit and Coenzyme Q10 Attenuate Potassium Bromide Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats. Journal of Home Economics, Volume 28, December (4), 2018; 1-20.
Book chapters
Helwan University
Co-authored by:
– "Consumption Rationalization" of the second year (Department of Nutrition and Food Science) in 2008 and taught until now.
– "Nutritional problems in developing countries" for the Fourth year (Department of Nutrition and Food Science) in 2008-2009. 3 - "Food Chemistry II" “On Going Book” for Third year (Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Helwan University).
Journal reviewer
2013-2022
Journal of Nutrition and Internal Medicine, ISI, international, peer reviewed journal. Italy
2014-2022
Ecology of Food and Nutrition, ISI, international, peer reviewed journal. USA
2013-2019
Progress in Nutrition, ISI, international, peer reviewed journal. Italy
2016-2021
Nutrition Research and Practice, ISI, international, peer reviewed journal. South Korea
2018-2022
Heliyon, Cell press, Food and Nutrition Advisory Board Member. Elsevier.