Detail of Lectures
Lecture No.
1-2: Definition of Membranology. Composition of biomembranes: Lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. General functions of biomembranes.
3: Micelles, liposomes and vesicles, their preparation and applications in drug delivery. Membrane solubilization with detergents. Visualization of membrane proteins with SDS-PAGE.
4-5: Visualization of membrane proteins with freeze fracture and freeze-etching electron microscopy. Structural and functional asymmetry of membranes with respect to carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Factors affecting fluidity of membranes. Diffusion coefficient. Fluid mosaic model.
6: Role of cell surface carbohydrates in recognition, as receptor of antigens, hormones, toxins, viruses and bacteria. Their role in histocompatability and cell-cell adhesion. Visualization of membrane carbohydrates.
7: Diffusion across biomembranes. Fick's law. Structural types of channels ( pores ) : α-type ; β-barrel; pore forming toxins ,ionophores. Functional types of channels ( pores ) : voltage-gated channels e.g. sodium channels ; ligand-gated channels e.g. acetylcholine receptor ( nicotinic- acetylcholine channel ) ; c-AMP regulated.
8: Gap junctions and nuclear pores. Transport systems : Energetics of transport systems, ∆G calculation in each type. Passive Transport ( facilitated diffusion ) .
9: Kinetic properties. Examples on passive transport : Glucose transporters ( GLUT 1 to 5 ), Clˉ - HCO3ˉ exchanger ( anion exchanger protein ) in erythrocyte membrane.
10: Active transport : Kinetic properties. Types of active transport : Primary ATPases ( Primary active transporters) : P transporters ( e.g. Na+, K+ - ATPase )
11: ATP binding cassettes ( ABC transports ) ( e.g. cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator _ chloride transport ). Multidrug resistance protein transporter. V transporters F transporters. Secondary active transporters ( e.g. Na+ - dependent transport of glucose and amino acids ). To be covered under intestinal brush border.
12: Transport of large molecules ( Macromolecules) Types : Exocytosis Endocytosis- pinocytosis and phagocytosis Types of pinocytosis : Absorptive pinocytosis, characteristics and examples.Fluid phase pinocytosis, characteristics and examples.
13: SPECIALIZED MEMBRANES: Erythrocyte membrane. Isolation. Types and functions of membrane proteins. Cytoskeletal system of the erythrocyte membrane. Microfilaments of the membrane. Transport of glucose, anions, cations.
14: Intestinal brush border membrane: Types and Functions of membrane proteins. Transport of glucose with sodium as an example on secondary active transport. Transport of a.acids, transport of bile acids. Na+ / H+ - antiport.
15: Renal Tubular Membranes: Membranes of proximal and distal renal tubules and the functions of each. Reabsorption processes of NaCl, H2O, glucose, HCO3ˉ and a.acids. Secretion of H+. Transport of a.acids by γ-glutamyl cycle.
16: Membranes of Muscle Cells: Sarcolemma and scarcoplamic reticulum and the function of each. Ca2+-ATPase in each.
17: Mitochondrial Membranes: Outer and inner membranes. The interrelationship among : phosphate transporter ( Pi / H+ ); adenine nucleotide transporter ( ADP / ATP ); dicarboxylate transporter ( Pi / malate ) and OHˉ / Pi antiporter. The interrelationship among : Ca2+ uniporter; Ca2+ / Na+ antiporter. Ca2+ / Na+ antiporter. The interrelationship among : Tricarboxylate transporter ( Malate / Citrate ); dicarboxylate transporter ( Pi / malate ) ;Malate α -Ketoglutarate transporter. The interrelationship among : Monocarboxylate transporter ( Pyruvate / OHˉ ) and OHˉ / Pi antiporter.
18: Membranes of Nerve Tissue: A brief review of CNS anatomy and types and functions of nerve cells. Myelin membrane-structure and function and composition- multiple sclerosis.
19-20: The structure of retina in brief. Red and cone cells. Detailed formation of 11-cis-retinal and rhodopsin from β-carotene. Conformational changes that rhodopsin undergoes after photoactivation that leads metarhodopsin II (active rhodopsin). Detailed cascade of biochemical reactions involved in the visual cycle.
21: Nerve impulse generation(Action Potential generation along an axon). Neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitter-gated ion channel receptors as major signal transduction elements at neuronal synapses.
22: Model of the mechanism of regulation of synaptic vesicles function by calcium ions and calmodulin Kinase II. Myasthenia gravis. Nerve gases.
23-24: Signal Transduction: Types ( Modes ) of intercellular signal transduction. Basic elements of signal transduction pathway at the cellular level. Basic properties of intracellular receptors versus cell surface receptors.
25-26: Major classes of cell surface receptors for secreted signaling molecules. Receptor tyrosine Kinase in detail. Types and structures of second messenger molecules.
27: Bacterial Plasma Membrane Phosphoenol pyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system ( PTS ). Lactose permease (galactoside permease). The interrelationship between the two systems.
28: Biosynthesis and Assembly of Membranes :The synthesis and assembly of lipid components. The ribosomal synthesis membrane insertion, and initial glycosylation of integral membrane proteins via the secretory pathway. Posttranslational processing of proteins ( insertion into the plasma membrane, transport to lysozomes or secretion).
References List:
1- Devlin T.M. (ed) Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, Wiley-Liss, (6th edition), USA
2- Harrison. R & Lunt G.G.: Biological Membrances, their structure & function, Halasted, New York, (Latest edition).
3- Gomperts, B.D: The plasma membrane: Models for structure & function, Academic Press, London (Latest ed.).
4- Weissman, G. & R. Claiborne (eds.): Cell membranes: Biochemistry, Cell biology, & Pathology, H.P. Publishing Co., New York, (Latest ed.).