CV
Associate Professor
Dr. Awwad Abdoh Radwan Salama
Ph.D
Computer-Aided Drug Design
E-mail: dhna_2001@hotmail.com
Major research field
Molecular modelling and computer-aided drug design
Synthesis and characterisation of biologically active heterocyclic compounds
Current Job and contact:
Associate professor at Alkayyali’s Chair of Pharmaceutical Technology Center (PCT), King Saud University, El-Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
Office tel. 046-70562
Mob. Tel. 0505193925
Home Address
Dept Org Pharm Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Asiut, Egypt. Home tel: +20882292164 email: dhna_2001@hotmail.com
Personal Details
Sex: Male
Date of Birth: 30-09-1965
Nationality: Egypt
Marital Status: Married (5 children
Personal Profile
I am a patient, perceptive and thorough researcher with a clear understanding of both the perceived and actual role of computational chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry. I believe that I am skilful at evaluating problems and communicating possible solutions as well as capable of making a significant contribution to the efficiency of any research team. I am a good team worker with a healthy sense of humour who works well under pressure
Key Qualifications and Skills
q Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Computer-Aided Drug Design)
q MSc. Chemical Research (Pharmaceutical organic chemistry)
q BSc. (Hons) pharmaceutical sciences.
q Member of the Pharmacy syndicate.
Skills of synthesis
q Synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic compounds (pyrimidinones, thiadiazinethiones, quinazolinones, thiazolidinones, pyrazolopyrimidines, thienoquinolines and pyrdinoquinolines).
Skills of molecular modeling
q Professional use of Molecular Modelling packages including: Cerius2 (Catalyst, hiphop and hypogen molules), SYBYL8.2 package and all its modules (CoMFA, CoMSIA, surflexdock, flexdock......etc), QSAR, midas, Amber 6, Dock 6.4, LigandScout.
q Professional use of homology modelling programs under SYBYL package.
q Use of basic UNIX operating systems and Linux operating system in addition to PC operating systems including Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access.
q Basic skills in shell scripts writing and basic skills in programming languages such as fortran, C++ and visual C++ languages.
Professional Experience
q 11/2008 – 11/2012 Associate professor at Alkayyali’Chair of Pharmaceutical Technology Center (PTC)-King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
q 04/2008 – 11/2008 Associate professor of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Assiut University, Egypt
q 04/2002 - 04 / 2008 Lecturer, Ph.D., of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Assiut University, Egypt
The Job involves teaching Pharmaceutical Organic chemistry courses to first-and-second year students. The course includes, aliphatic and alicyclic compounds, aromatic and heteroaromatics, functional group classes, carbohydrates, amino acids, stereochemistry, spectroscopy (IR, NMR, Mass).
Job role also involved assisting Master students within the group with various computational problems related to their projects.
Software Packages Used in teach and resarch: SYBYL v.6.7, v.6.9; Cerius2; DOCK6 and Amber6.
q 04/2002 - 04 / 2008 Postgraduate Teaching Assistant – Advanced medicinal chemistry, Advanced Organic chemistry and Computer application Course for drug design and synthesis.
The Job involves Teaching postgraduate students an introductory insight to various computer-aided drug design methods, including 2D-and-3D QSAR, Dock, DeNovo Design and receptor mapping methods.
Teaching postgraduates 2D-NMR methods and 13C-NMR in addition to name reactions and advanced Organic chemistry.
q 03 / 1990 – 05/1997: Demonstrator and assistant lecturer –Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry.
The Job involves teaching undergraduate students the practical course and assist in teaching aspects of the theoretical course.
Academic education and research Fellowships.
q 20/6/2012-10/8/2012. Visiting professor, Medicinal Chemistry Institute of Pharmacy Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4
06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
Title of the research: Structure-based design and optimization of inhibitors of the histone lysine methyltransferase SET7/9.
q 15/7/2010-14/9/2010. Visiting professor, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dept of drug design and molecular modelling, Tokyo, Japan.
Title of the research: In silico screening and structure-based molecular design of D-aspartate oxidase inhibitors.
q 21/5/2008- until now: Assiut University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept Pharm Org Chemistry, Assiut, Egypt. Associate Professor.
q 21/4/2002-21/5/2008: Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept Pharm Org Chemistry, Assiut, Egypt. Assistant Professor.
q 21/4/2002: Ph.D. graduate; Kitasato University, school of pharmaceutical sciences, Dept phys chemistry for drug design and molecular modelling, Tokyo, Japan.
q 05/1997 – 4/2002 Ph. D student at Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
Major field: Computer aided drug design
Ph.D. Title: “Rational Procedure for 3D QSAR Analysis Using TRNOE Experiments and Computational Methods: Application to Thermolysin Inhibitors”
q To develop rational procedure that combines the advantage of structure based drug design with the advantage of ligend based drug design in 3D QSARs. The work was completed using the 2D NMR techniques to find the binding conformation constraint (structure based drug design). These constraints are included in exhaustive conformational analysis and alignment to find the binding conformations. These binding conformations are included in CoMFA and CoMSIA to find the 3D QSAR between these conformers (ligend based drug design). The method was applied on thermolysin inhibitors.
q 04/1995: Master degree, Msc.D., Assiut University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept Pharm Org Chemistry, Assiut, Egypt.
q 04/1990 – 05/1995: Demonstrator for undergraduate students at Assiut University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept Pharm Org Chemistry, Assiut, Egypt.
Major field: Design and synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic compounds.
MSc. Title: “Synthesis and evaluation of the cytotoxic and anti viral activities of 5,6-disubstituted isocytosine derivatives”.
q To develope new anticancer compounds, isocytosine derivatives (Bropirimine analogues) and its biological evaluation as cytotoxic agents.
q 12/1988 – 03/1990 Obligatory National army service.
q 05/1988 Assiut University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept Pharm Org Chemistry, Assiut, Egypt.
BSc. (Hons) Of pharmaceutical sciences.
q 09/1983-05/1988 Undergraduate student. Assiut University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept Pharm Org Chemistry, Assiut, Egypt.
Current Ongoing and Funded Project:
2011-2013 Design and Synthesis of Novel Cholesterol-Conjugated 5-Fluorouracil Compounds: Their Loading in nanocarriers as Novel Delivery System for Cancer Treatment. Kingdome of Saudi Arabia, National Plan for Science, Technology and innovation. (PI: Awwad A Radwan; Co-I: Fares K Al-Anazy).
Overview:
The elevated expression of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor on tumor cells provides one attractive approach for targeted drug delivery to tumor cells. Suitable antitumor compounds, however, need to be synthesized and developed which mimic the native cholesteryl esters (as a major constituent of LDL) in chemical structures for targeted delivery to tumor cells through the over-expressed LDL receptors.
In our study, new antitumor compounds were designed containing cholesterol, short fatty chain and 5-fluorouracil which, is used as antitumor unit. Three new compounds will be synthesized with a multi-step reaction scheme. Similar to the native cholesteryl esters, these compounds are extremely hydrophobic and, before any further biological studies, suitable liposomal formulations for these new compounds will be required. Also, loading of the synthesized compounds into low density lipoproteins (LDL) will be done. Various liposomal formulations as well as the preformulation characterization of these new compounds will be thus examined. The incorporation efficiency of the compounds in liposomes are expected to be found to vary significantly depending on the type of fatty chain attached and the ratio of cholesterol:phospholipid used as the excipients of liposomal formulation. The new synthesized anticancer compounds loaded-liposomes and its loaded-LDL will be evaluated for their anticancer activity using tissue culture of various types of cancer cells. Also, the prepared formulation will be evaluated for their anticancer activity against 5-fluorouracil-resistant gastric cancer cells. In vivo anti cancer evaluation using animal model will be done for the prepared 5-fluorouracil-cholesterol conjugate.
Funded Projects And Finished successfully:
Project 1:
2009-2010 Synthesis and molecular modelling of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as selective COX-inhibitors antiinflammatory. Saudi Arabia Basic Industries Company, SABIC (MED-30-19) (PI: Awwad A Radwan; Co-I: Fares K Al-Anazy).
Overview:
Slight gastric ulceration occurs on longtime dose of currently COX-2 inhibitors such as Celcoxibe. Therefore, current research challenges with the synthesis of new compounds that are safer for gastrointestinal tissues or in other words more completely selective COX-2 inhibitors. In our work, A series of novel substituted 1,2,4-triazoles are designed for synthesis and evaluation for their inhibition of the two isoforms of human cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2). This series is expected to displays exceptionally selective COX-2 inhibition. Computer-aided molecular modeling is done in order to correlate the biological activity with the three-dimensional structure activity relationship and explore the binding mechanism between the test compounds and target site of the cyclooxygenase enzyme
Project 2:
2009-2010 Design and Synthesis of a Novel Crown Ether-Crosslinked Chitosan for Removal of Toxic Metal Ions (M+n) from Wastewater: An Industrial Application. Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials, Center of Excellence Programs, King Saud University, Ministry of Higher Education, (03-CEREM-430) (PI: Ibrahim A Al-Sarra; Co-I: Awwad Aradwan)
Overview:
The water supply in Saudi Arabia has increased dramatically from 1.75 billion m3 in 1975 to 22.93 billion m3 in 1992. In Saudi Arabia, the total amount of wastewater available is around 1.32 million m3/d. In the near future, these amounts of industrial wastewater are of several hundred times-folds larger. The industrial areas of Saudi Arabia generate some of industrial wastewater which is discharged directly into the sea water without extensive treatment. The four main components of wastes in the Saudi Arabia industries are large-volume cooling water, lower volume but high-to-low strength process wastes from refineries and petrochemicals, and sanitary wastes. In addition, future expansion in the refineries and secondary industries in the areas will result in a greater pollution of the seawater and thus affect the productivity and quality of the seawater and environments surrounding the industrial areas.
An unfortunate consequence of industrialization is the generation and the release of toxic waste products which are polluting our environment. Heavy metal contamination of various water resources is of great concern because of the toxic effects of heavy metals on human beings and other animals and plants, even at very low concentrations, and were listed as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Addressing these problems calls out for a tremendous amount of research to be conducted to identify robust new methods of purifying water at lower cost and with less energy consumption, while at the same time minimizing the use of chemicals and impact on the environment. Advanced techniques of the science and technology are being developed to improve the disinfection and decontamination of water, as well as efforts to increase water supplies through the safe re-use of wastewater and efficient desalination of sea and brackish water. Adsorption has been proved to be an excellent way to treat industrial waste effluents, offering significant advantages like the low-cost, availability, profitability, easy of operation and efficiency.
In recent years, biosorption using materials of biological origin as the adsorbents for heavy metal removal has attracted more interest, largely due to the unique properties of these biomaterials being environmentally benign, low cost, effective at low metal concentrations, and easily reusable. Among these biomaterials, chitosan, a derivative from N-deacetylation of chitin (a naturally abundant polysaccharide from crustacean and fungal biomass) has particularly attracted attention because of its capability to chemically or physically adsorb various heavy metal ions.
Chitosan has received considerable interests for heavy metals removal due to its excellent metal-binding capacities and low cost as compared to the activated carbon. Chitosan can be recycled by releasing bound metals with an acid wash leaving the metal waste more highly concentrated in a greatly reduced volume. After rinsing with water, chitosan is available for immediate re-use. However, chitosan usually displayed poor acidic resistance and would gradually dissolve in a solution of pH 4 or less, which is considered a major drawback of chitosan as most industrial wastewater containing heavy metals are almost acidic and eventually, will limit the use of the chitosan, as low-cost recyclable sorpent, in decontamination of industrial wastewater.
Objectives:
One goal of this research is to investigate and plan to overcome the above mentioned dilemma through the synthesis of new and novel chitosan derivatives, crown ether crosslinked chitosan. This crown ether crosslinked chitosan is a water insoluble derivative either in a basic or in an acidic medium and still exhibits an excellent heavy metal adsorption capacity. In addition, the crown ethers, which contain a hydrophobic ring of ethylenic groups surrounding a hydrophilic cavity of ether oxygen atoms, possess the greatest affinities for the alkali and alkaline earth cations. The crown ether crosslinked chitosan proposed to be synthesized will be characterized using analytical and instrumental methods. Also, its adsorptive properties of industrial heavy metals either in basic or acidic industrial waste water will be characterized for large scale usefulness in decontamination of industrial waste water to be re-used in our daily life as in agriculture and in industries that require large amounts of water as in cooling process of nuclear plants or even to be re-used for human being.
(The project finished and published August 2010)
1997-2002 Scholarship award from Assiut University, Ministry of Higher Education, Cairo, Egypt to obtain Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree from Japan, in field of Computer-Assisted Drug Design.
Overview:
Title of the thesis: Rational procedure for 3-diminsional quantitative structure activity relationship using computational methods and tRNOESY experiment: Application to thermolysin inhibitors.
Project 3:
2012-2013 Design and Synthesis of Novel Cholesterol-Conjugated 5-Fluorouracil Compounds: Their Loading in nanocarriers as Novel Delivery System for Cancer Treatment. King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2011 (10-NAN1286-02) (PI: Awwad A Radwan; Co-I: Fares K Al-Anazi).
Overview:
In this study, cholesterol esters will be conjugated to 5-fluorouracil to generate a series of new cholesterol 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) compounds. These compounds will be loaded to low density lipoprotein (LDL). Also, these compounds will then be packaged into liposomes.
It is proposed that the LDL-loaded with cholesterol-5-FU conjugates will specifically bind, including its loaded anticancer drug, to the LDL receptor (which is highest recognized on cancer cells) and deliver the 5-FU to the tumor cell. Following development of the pro-drug liposomes, they will be tested for their ability to inhibit growth of breast carcinoma cells and in vivo using animal model.
Supervision:
Co-supervisor of 3 master degree students. All of them are graduated successfully and the work has been published.
Publications
q Awwad A. Radwan. Design, synthesis, and molecular modelling of novel 4-thiazolidinones of potential activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Med. Chem. Res. Accepted May 21st, DOI : 10.1007/s00044-012-0115-x
q Tarek Hassan; Awwad Radwan; Mohamad I Attia; Abdullah Al-Dhfyan; Hatem Abdel-Aziz. Schiff bases of indoline-2,3-dione (isatin) with potential antiproliferative activity. Chemistry Central Journal Accepted May 30th 2012, 6:49. doi:10.1186/1752-153X-6-49
q Mostafa M. Ghoraba, Zienab H. Ismail, Mohamad Abdalla, Awwad A. Radwan, Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and molecular modelling of novel sulfonamides carrying a biologically active quinazoline nucleus. J. Pharm. Res. Accepted June 2012.
q Tarek Aboul-Fadl, Awwad A. Radwan, Hatem A. Abdel-Aziz, Mohd. Baseeruddin, Mohamad I. Attia and Adnan Kadi. Novel Schiff bases of indoline-2,3-dione and nalidixic acid hydrazide: synthesis, in vitro antimycobacterial and in silico mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) DNA gyrase inhibitory activity. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 7, 2012, 327 – 336.
q Awwad A. Radwan, Abdullah Al-Dhfyan, Mohammed K. Abdel-Hamid, Abullah Al-Badr and Tarek Aboul-Fadl. 3,5-Disubstituted Thiadiazine-2-Thiones: New Cell-Cycle Inhibitors. Archive Pharmacal Research, 35, 2012, 35-49.
q Awwad A. Radwan, and Kamal El-dein El-Taher. Synthesis and molecular modelling of some new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor anti-inflammatories. In publication.
q Marc Lindner, Wolfgang Sippl and Awwad A Radwan. Pharmacophore elucidation and molecular docking studies on 5-phenyl-1-(3-pyridyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as COX-2 inhibitors. Scientia Pharmaceutica 78, 2010, 195-214.
q Awwad A. Radwan, Fars K. Alanazi and Ibrahim A. Alsarra. Microwave Irradiation-Assisted Synthesis of a Novel Crown Ether Crosslinked Chitosan as a Chelating Agent for Heavy Metal Ions (M+n). Molecules 15, 2010, 6257-6268; doi:10.3390/molecules15096257.
q Fars K. Alanazi, Awwad A. Radwan and Ibrahim A. Alsara, Biopharmaceutical Application of Nanogold, Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 18, 2010, 179-193.
q Mohammad A. Shaaban, Awwad A. Radwan, Yaseen A. Mosa and Basel A. Abd-Elwahab, Synthesis and docking study of some pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one derivatives as phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 17, 2009, 109-129.
q Yaser A.-H. Mostafa, Mostafa A. Hussein, Awwad A. Radwan, and Abd El-Hamid N. Kfafy; Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Certain New 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]Pyrimidine Derivatives. Archives of Pharmacal Research 31, 2008, 279-293.
q Ahmad M. Ali, Gamal El.-D. Saber, Nadia M. Ahmad, Mahmoud Abdel-F. El-Gendy, Awwad A. Radwan, Mohammad Ismail. Synthesis And Three-Dimensional Qualitative Structure Selectivity Relationship Of 3,5-Disubstituted-2,4-Thiazolidinedion Derivatives As COX2 Inhibitors. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 30, 2007, 1186-1204.
q Alaa Hyallah and Awwad A Radwan. Synthesis and Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship of New 3-Allyl-5-substituted-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-Thiadiazine-2-Thiones of Potential Antimicrobial Activity. Bull. Pharm. Sci., Assiut University, 30, 2007, 39-50.
q Awwad A. Radwan and N. A. Hussein. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some 3-(1-Phenylethyl)-5-Substituted-2H-Tetrahydro-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione Derivatives. Bull. Pharm. Sci, Assiut University, 28, 2006, 255-260.
q Awwad A. Radwan, Hiroaki Gouda, Noriyuki Yamaotsu, Hidetaka Torigoe and Shuichi Hirono. Rational Procedure for 3D QSAR Analysis Using TRNOE Experiments and Computational Methods: Application to Thermolysin Inhibitors. Drug Design and Discovery, 2001, 17, 265-281.
q Awwad A. Radwan, Doctor thesis (2002). Rational Procedure for 3D QSAR Analysis Using TRNOE Experiments and Computational Methods: Application to Thermolysin Inhibitors.
q Awwad A. Radwan, Master thesis (1995). Synthesis and evaluation of the cytotoxic and anti viral activities of 5,6-disubstituted isocytosine derivatives.
q Awwad A. Radwan, Abdel-Nasser A. El-Shorbagi, Abdel-Alim M. Abdel-Alim, Nadia M. Mahfouz and Emad K. Nafei. Alex. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 8 (3) October 1994/155
Patents:
1- EP11171632
q Submission number 1247368
q Application number EP11171632.0
q Date of application 28 June 2011
q Reference No: FB25166
q Title : Chitosan derivative, a method for its preparation and its use as an adsorption agent
q Submitted by CN=V. Scholz 17174,O=Forrester & Boehmert,C=DE
2- EP11177450
q Submission number: 11177450
q Application number: EP11163672.6
q Date of application: 26 April 2011
q Reference No: FB24909
q Title New triazole compounds as potential anti-inflammatory agents
q Submitted by: CN=A. Winkler 8529,O=Forrester & Boehmert,C=DE
Achievements:
The research work had been presented in several conferences.
09-2012 The Saudi International Biotechnology Conference, September 18-19, 2012, KACST Headquarter-Conference Hall-Building 36 King Abdullah Road – Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (attendance).
04-2010 The 8th Saudi International pharmaceutical Conference and Exhibiton, April 25-28, 2010, Prince Sultan Hall at Alfaisaliah Tower, Al-Rhiyadh/Saudi Arabia p ... (poster).
03-2010 Awwad A Radwan and Fars K Alanazi. Synthesis and molecular modelling of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as selective cox-2 inhibitors anti-inflammatory. 7th International Pharmaceutical Sciences Conference, March 17-18th, 2010, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. P 77 (poster).
02-2009 1st International Conference in Biotechnology, February 16-18, 2009, King Fahd Cultural Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Audience).
07-2007 Mohamed Abdel Rahman Shaaban, Awwad A. Radwan, Yaseen A. Mosa. Synthesis and Docking Study of New Pyrazolo[3, 4-d]pyrimidine-4-one Derivatives as Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors. 6th AFMC International Medicinal Chemistry Symposium, July 08-11, 2007, Istanbul/Turkey. p 78 (poster).
02-2007 Mamdouh F. Ahmed, Awwad A. Radwan and Abdel-Gaber N. Osman. Synthesis of some new quinoline derivatives of potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. 10th Ibn Sina International Conference on Pure and Applied Heterocyclic Chemistry, February 17-20, 2007, p 191. (poster).
02-2007 Awwad A. Radwan, Marc Lindner and Wolfgang Sippl. Pharmacophore elucidation and molecular docking studies on 5-phenyl-1-(3-pyridyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as cox2 inhibitors.. 10th Ibn Sina International Conference on Pure and Applied Heterocyclic Chemistry, February 17-20, 2007, p 191, Luxor, Egypt. (poster).
03-2006 Alaa M. Hayallah and Awwad A. Radwan. Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) Analysis of Some Thiadiazine Thione Derivatives As Antifungal Agents Against Scopulariopsis Brevicaulis Fungi. Assiut Univesity 5th Pharmaceutical Sciences Conference, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut, March 7-8th , 2006, p 282. (poster)
12-2004 Awwad A. Radwan and Naemat A. Husein. Synthesis and Antimicrobial activity of Some 3,5-Disubstituted Tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-Thiadiazine-2-Thione Derivatives. 9th Ibn Sina International Conference on Pure and Applied Heterocyclic Chemistry, December, 11-14, 2007, p 167. Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt. (poster).
10-2000 Awwad A. Radwan, Hiroaki Gouda, Noriyuki Yamaotsu, Hidetaka Torigoe and Shuichi Hirono (2001): Rational Procedure for 3D QSAR Analysis Using TRNOE Experiments and Computational Methods: Application to Thermolysin Inhibitors. 28th Symposium on Structure-Acitivity Relationships, Kyoto, Japan, October 2000, pp. 282-285. (poster)
Referees:
Professor Dr. Shuichi Hirono, Ph.D.
Department of Physical Chemistry for Drug Design
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Kitasato University,
5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, JAPAN
TEL:+81-3-3443-7780
FAX:+81-3-3440-5246
E-mail: hironos@pharm.kitasato-u.ac.jp
Prof Dr. Nadia M. Mahfouz
Dept Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy,
Assiut University,
Assiut, Egypt. Tel Office: (+20) 88-411328 Email: Nmahfouz@aun.eun.eg
Prof Dr. Hassan Hassan Farag
Dept Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy,
Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
Email: hfarag@acc.aun.eun.eg