Spectrometric Methods of Analysis &Automation / Chem 550

Course Description

• Batch Methods- Segmented continuous flow analysers -Discrete Analyzers -Flow injection Analysis- Dispersion.
• Factors affecting dispersion- Zone sampling- sample splitting- Relationship between manifold design &chemistry- gradient.
• Components of FIA- Connection tubes-Pumps- Organic solvents- Pumo tubes-Injectors.
• Interaction of electromagnetic radiation w/matter- The electromagnetic spectrum- Absorption of radiation- Electronic Spectra and molecular spectra- Kinds of transitions- Chromophores- Amxochromes-Absorption of isolated conjugated chromaphores-Absorption of Aromatic compounds- Absorption of inorganic compounds.
• Solvents for spectrometry- Quantitative calculations- Transmittance- Absorbance- Absorptivity and molar absorptivity- Beer's law-Mixtures -Examples-Principles of instrumentation- Sources- Monochromators- (Optical filters- prisms - Diffraction grating)- Cells-Detectors- Slit Width- Types of instruments (Single-Beam spectrometers & Double- Beam spectrometers).
• Spectrometric  errors - Deviation        from    Beer's  law      (Chemical        deviation & Instrumental deviation) - Calibration methods (standard calibration curve & Standard addition method) - Application to spectrophotometry (Direct measurement- formation of absorbed complex- Indirect methods) - Examples and problems.
• Chemical equilibrium- Spectrophotometric titration-Titration curves & advantages of spectrophotometric titration- Validation of the spectrophotometric methods (Accuracy- Precision-Specificity- Limit of Detection- Limit of Quantitation- Linearity and Range- Ruggedness).
• Flourometry: principles of Fluorescence- Energy level diagram for photo luminescent molecules- Rates of absorption and emission- Deactivation processes- Vibrational relaxation- Internal conversion- Intersystem crossing Chemical structure and fluorescence- Quantum Fluorescence quenching- Practical consideration flourometry. Relationship between excitation spectra-Relationship between concentration and fluorescence intensity- Fluorescence instrumental- Components of Flouremeters and Spectroflourometers- Chemiluminescence- The Chemiluminescence phenomenon- Measurement of Chemiluminescence- Analytical Applications of Chemiluminescence (Analysis of gases, analysis of inorganic species in the liquid phase, and Analysis of organic species).
• Atomic Spectrometric Method: Introduction to: Atomic emission spectra-Atomic absorption spectra Atomic- Atomic fluorescence spectra- Flame atomixation-Types of flames- Flame structure- Flame atomizers-Instrumentation for flame atomic emission- Role of organic solvents in flame spectroscopy flame molecular emission.
• Atomic absorption spectroscopy: Recitation sources for atomic absorption methods-Hollow cathode lamps-Instruments for atomic absorption spectroscopy-Interferences (Spectral interferences, Physical interferences, Chemical interferences, ionic interferences, and self -absorption) Application of atomic absorption spectroscopy- Electrothermal atomizers- advantages of electrothermal atomizers- Flameless Mercury determination.
• Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy: Types of atomic fluorescence (Resonance fluorescence, Nonresonance fluorescence including: direct- line fluorescence excited state fluorescence, and thermally assisted fluorescence) Instrumentation- Comparison of atomic emission, atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence methods- Emission spectroscopy based upon, and spark atomization sample handling.
• Arc sources and arc spectra- Spark sources- Instruments for arc and spark source spectroscopy- Photographic detection-Photomultiplier detectors- Emission spectroscopy based on plasma sources- The inductively coupled plasma source- Sample introduction- Plasma appearance and spectra- Analyte atomization and ionization- The direct current argon plasma source- Instruments for plasma spectroscopy- Quantitative application of plasma sources.
• Automated Methods of Analysis: Introduction- Advantages and disadvantages automatic analysis-Unit operation in chemical analysis-Types of automatic analytical systems-Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) - Instrumentation- Sample and reagent transport system- Sample injectors and detectors- Separation in FIA­ Principles of flow injection analysis-Dispersion- Applications of flow injection analysis: (limited dispersion application, medium dispersion applications. Stopped flow method- Flow Injection Titration- Discrete automatic systems automatic sampling, sample definition, and gases- Robotics.