This study was carried out to investigate role of some stressful ecological factors on cultured tilapia species, 86 Tilapia zillii and 118 Sarotherodon galilaeus in relation to metacercarial affections. Physicochemical parameters of water samples were within normal level that can tilapia survive and adapte.There were no pathognomonic signs in infected tilapia species.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania,L.major (wet cutaneous leishmaniasis) and L.tropica (dry cutaneous leishmaniasis).They are transmitted as promastigotes to mammalian hosts by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sand flies.The inoculation of mice with L.major experimentally reproduces cutaneous leishmaniasis and the development of a polarized Th1 or Th2 response results in resistance or susceptibility,respectively to this intracellular parasite.Vaccines against the L.major have historically progressed from the use of living virulent organi

Introduction: Sarcoptes scabiei (S. scabiei) var. cuniculi is the cause of sarcoptic mange in rabbits and
results in considerable loss of weight, productivity, and wool quality.
Objective: The efficacy of 10% Propolis (bee glue) ointment on S. scabiei var. cuniculi was evaluated
under in vivo conditions in pet rabbits with sarcoptic mange lesions compared to the currently used
drug, ivermectin (400 μg/ kg, S/C).
Methods: In the in vivo condition, the efficacies of 10% Propolis ointment, 1% ivermectin (400 μg/kg,