Structure, function and cytogenetics of the animal cell; different animal tissues; general characteristics and taxonomy of the Animal Kingdom; general characteristics of Subkingdom Protozoa with selected representative examples; taxonomy and characteristics of the Animal Kingdom from Porifera to Chordata with selected representative examples; an introduction in animal physiology with special emphasis on nutrition, digestion and metabolism, blood composition and functions.
In the winter of 2009, severe foliar infections were observed on Verbesina encelioides in the greenhouse of the King Saud University at Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). Symptoms appeared as greyish brown patches around the tips and margins of young leaves that later extended towards the midrib, causing curling and shedding of the leaves. Leaf pieces with lesions plated on potato dextrose agar yielded fungal colonies with brown septate hyphae bearing straight, 1- to 3-septate conidiophores, 50 × 3-6 µm in size.
A total of 20 strains of actinomycetes were isolated from Al-Kharj (K) and Al-Madina (M) areas in Saudi Arabia. Among these strains, six were selected for antiviral activity screening which are K1, K2, K3, M1, M2 and M3. All the selected strains were characterized morphologically to be under the genus Streptomyces.