Malaria remains one of the leading causes of disease and death in the tropics, mainly of children under 5 years of age. Chloroquine began as a first-line antimalarial in 1946; it became the corner stone of antimalarial chemotherapy for the next 40 years. It is one of the least expensive antimalarials available and is still in widespread use. Chloroquine can be taken both as prophylactic and as a treatment. For decades, chloroquine was a remarkably effective, safe, and inexpensive antimalarial.

The paper describes the first species of freshwater planarians collected from subterranean localities in northern Africa, represented by three new species of Dendrocoelum O¨ rsted, 1844 from Tunisian springs. Each of the new species possesses a well-developed adenodactyl, resembling similar structures in other species of Dendrocoelum, notably those from southeastern Europe. Comparative studies revealed previously unreported details and variability in the anatomy of these structures, particularly in the composition of the musculature.

The aim of this study was to characterize for the first time spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea using both light and electron microscopy. Starting from the border towards the testis lumen we found types I and II spermatogonia, clusters of primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and free spermatozoa. Light microscope observations show that type I spermatogonia have a large and pale nucleus whereas type II spermatogonia are significantly smaller than the one of type!, and show a darker and central bulky nucleus.

Objectives:

In Europe, boys and girls have different body proportions at birth. We examined newborn babies in Saudi Arabia to determine the sex differences and whether fetal growth differed if the mother was in utero during Ramadan.

Methods:

We examined body size at birth among 967 babies (479 boys and 488 girls) born in Unizah, a small city in Saudi Arabia.

Results:

The ovary of the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea has been studied for the first time using both light and electron microscopy methods. The ultrastructure of the ovary revealed two types of cells: accessory cells and germinal cells at various stages of differentiation, distributed along a maturation axis. Initially, oogonia underwent cytoplasm growth due to the development of organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and mitochondria, which are all involved in the production of cytoplasmic inclusions or yolk globules.

Background: Schmidtea mediterranea (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Continenticola) is found in scattered localities on
a few islands and in coastal areas of the western Mediterranean. Although S. mediterranea is the object of many
regeneration studies, little is known about its evolutionary history. Its present distribution has been proposed to
stem from the fragmentation and migration of the Corsica-Sardinia microplate during the formation of the western