Black scurf is one of the oldest and common diseases of potato stems and stolons below the soil surface caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The present study was carried out to investigate the antifungal potential of Azadirachta indica L. against this soil-bornefungal pathogen. Different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5%) of aqueous, methanol, n-hexane and chloroform extracts of leaves,stems and fruits of A. indica were prepared and were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity.

Tourism is one of the world's main businesses and a progressively significant source of external channel of investment that is used to financial economic development. The main aim of this research paper is to inspect the short-term and long-term relationships between tourism and Foreign Direct Invest (FDI) growth in Saudi Arabia. In this research has used quarterly data covering the (2000–2013) time period and unit-root test techniques, co-integrated analysis and granger causality test to examine the relationships between variables.