Introduction to the Ecosystem plant cover, deterioration, forests. Natural ranges and means of protection. Biotic factors and their effects on vegetational conserves national parks, control of pollution. Concept, nature and sources pollution, air, water and soil. Effect of pollution on ecosystem. Biological method of controlling pollution
 

Application of thermodynamics law to the cell. Structure and functions of organells. Conversion of energy and matter
 

1. Plants
2. Plant Kingdom
3. Plant Cell
4. Cell Division
5. Metabolism
    a. Photosynthesis
    b. Respiration
6. Plant water relations
    a. Osmosis
    b. Transpiration
7. Tissue Theory
8. Monocot and Dicot
9.Morphology of Plants

Natural, regenerated resources. Endangered and rare plant taxa in various habitats in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Reserves and their types. Conserved areas and the plant communities they harbour. Example of selected high altitudina, locations with special reference to some their distinctive taxa. Ecological evaluation of botanical data gathered under natural and experimental conditions.

Functions of cells components, water relations, minerals nutrition, phloem transport. Amino acids, proteins and enzymes. Photosynthesis, transpiration, metabolism of N, S, lipids and aromatic compounds. Growth and differentiation. Phytohormones, Photomorphogenesis, biological clock, photoperiod, vernalization and physiological stress