Honey bee health is directly associated with sustainable
agriculture and various non-agricultural ecosystems.
Honey bees are affected by various pathogens. Among
the brood diseases, caused by these pathogens, American
foulbrood disease (AFB) is by far the most contagious
and destructive brood disease among honey bees.
AFB is caused by the Gram-positive and spore-forming
bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. The spores of P. larvae are
the only form of the bacterium that is infectious to

The honeybee (Apis mellifera), is an important pollinator of various crops and plant species worldwide. The total annual global economic worth of pollination amounts to an estimated 153 billion euro, representing 10% of the value of the global agricultural production ( Gallai et al., 2009).

The greater wax moth or honeycomb moth, Galleria mellonella
L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is the major destructive
and economically important pest of wax comb because
of their feeding habits and tunnelling through the combs
(Jackman and Drees 1998; Chandel et al. 2003). The moth
is widely distributed throughout the world, causing serious
problems in temperate, tropical and subtropical beekeeping
regions, where the warm temperature favour the rapid development
of the moth (Spangler 1989). Also, the development

Some Candida species are found as endosymbionts in most healthy individuals. C. albicans is the most common yeast found on the mucosal membranes of humans including in the oral cavity, esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder and genitalia (1). In immunocompromised individuals, C. albicans has emerged as a true opportunistic pathogen.