he honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is globally widespread
with a wide diversity of subspecies. hese subspecies can
be classiied with morphometric tools (Ruttner et al. 1978).
Many studies have been undertaken on honey bees using
morphological characteristics (e.g. Abou-Shaara et al. 2012
and Garnery et al. 2004). hese characteristics can be divided
into three major groups; which are length measurements,
color measurements, and wing venation characteristics. Wing
venation characteristics were previously reviewed intensively
Recent years have seen growing interest on the part of consumers
and the food industry into functional food ingredients
and the ways in which it may help maintain human health.
The important role that diet plays in preventing and treating
illness is widely accepted. The basic concepts of nutrition are
undergoing a significant change. The classical concept of
‘‘adequate nutrition,’’ that is, a diet that provides nutrients
in sufficient quantities to satisfy particular organic needs, is
Basics concepts; Energy transfer; First law of thermodynamics; Second law of thermodynamics; Entropy; Carnot and reversed Carnot cycles; Rankin cycle; Vapor compression refrigeration cycle. Gas power cycles Availability; Ideal gas mixtures; Gas-vapor mixtures; Basics of Combustion; Laboratory experiments concerning energy transfer, combustion, Basic vapor power Cycles. Working of gas turbine as a jet engine and a power plant.
Despite the arid conditions that prevail in Saudi Arabia beekeeping is widely practiced in many parts of the country by large number of beekeepers. It is a significant source of income. The bee-keeping industry is steadily growing in the country with different opportunities and, of course, many challenges.
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