Fixture Planning (FP) is an important manufacturing activity that has a 
significant effect on product quality and productivity. FP not only determines the locating 
scheme to restrict the Degrees Of Freedom (DOF) of work-piece but also locating and 
clamping datum for final fixture assembly. In this paper, an intelligent fixture planning 
methodology is proposed. The part geometric data base and process/setup plan is taken as 
input to an intelligent FP system. At first, a rule based is developed to determine the correct

Automated feature recognition in cylindrical parts is considered a critical parameter in the integration between CAD and CAPP. This integration represents a foundation for many industrial applications. Research work in area is not clear enough. Feature extraction from standard files such as STEP and IGES represents nowadays the main gate to solve many industrial problems. In this paper, the cylindrical parts classified into turning parts and after turning parts. This paper focuses only on turning parts.

The computer aided design/ computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) linkage has greatly shortened the period between design and manufacture and has greatly expanded the scope of production processes. In this paper, a computer aided process planning/ computer aided fixture design/ computer aided inspection planning (CAPP/CAFD/CAIP) system is proposed for CAD/CAM integration. The object oriented approach is applied for integration and automation of CAPP/CAFD/CAIP modules. The proposed system is suitable for 3-D manufacturing parts that are created by using a solid modeling package.

The advancement of a Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system provided the ability to automate the manufacturing tasks efficiently. The process plan is an important step in any organization to manufacture a product. Computer Aided Process Plan (CAPP) requires extensive manufacturing knowledge about manufacturing capabilities, tools, fixtures, materials, costs, and machine availability to generate the detailed process plans automatically. Fixture Planning is an important aspect of any CAPP systems.

The essential factor for the recent manufacturing companies is to develop a variety of products within short timeframes. Therefore, the flexible manufacturing techniques are rapidly growing to compete the markets globally. A number of factors contribute in organizational ability to achieve flexibility and one of which is the use of fixtures to increase the pace of production. A fixture is like a mechanism because it eliminates individual marking, positioning and frequent checking before starting of actual operation and to locate and hold the work-piece during the manufacturing operation.

The objective of this study was to assess the use of Concarpus biochar as a soil amendment for reducing heavy metal accessibility and uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.). The impacts of biochar rates (0.0, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0% w/w) and two soil moisture levels (75% and 100% of field capacity, FC) on immobilization and availability of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb to maize plants as well as its application effects on soil pH, EC, bulk density, and moisture content were evaluated using heavy metal-contaminated soil collected from mining area.