In an attempt to study the reversal application of the uniformitarianism and use of shell
chemistry to emphasize the environmental impacts, chemical analysis of some elements and
oxides for Nerita (Theliostyla) albecil/a, Turbo (Batil/us) radiatus, Cypraea staphylaea,
Clanculus (C.) pharaonius, Conus virgo, Chama pacifica and Amphistegina lessonii in
Pleistocene and Recent sediments along the Red Sea coast, indicated a strongly enrichment of
P,Q, and Zn and relative enrichment of Pb, Cu, Co, Cd, Ni and Mn in Recent sediments of EIHamrawein

In an attempt to study the reversal application of the uniformitarianism and use of shell
chemistry to emphasize the environmental impacts, chemical analysis of some elements and
oxides for Nerita (Theliostyla) albecil/a, Turbo (Batil/us) radiatus, Cypraea staphylaea,
Clanculus (C.) pharaonius, Conus virgo, Chama pacifica and Amphistegina lessonii in
Pleistocene and Recent sediments along the Red Sea coast, indicated a strongly enrichment of
P,Q, and Zn and relative enrichment of Pb, Cu, Co, Cd, Ni and Mn in Recent sediments of EIHamrawein

Twenty-eight bryozoan species have been identified for the first time from the Recent coral
reefs and sediments of the southern Safaga bay, Red Sea coast, Egypt. Among the identified
taxa, twenty-six species belong to the order Cheilostomata and the rest to the order
cyclostomata. Schizosmittna safagaensis, Smittina avicularis, S. regularis and Celleporina
abbassi are believed to be new. Sixteen bryozoans are encrusting and have membraniporiform
and celleporiform zoarial qrowth-torms, and twelve are erect and are vinculariiform, cellariiform

Pleistocene coral reefs along the Red Sea coast occur in three
stratigraphically different units. Theyform terraces of different elevations
above the present sea level and are characterized byfringing reef types,
comparable to their recent counterparts. The three reef units show a
progressive diagenetic sequence. The lower unit (youngest) is characterized
by almost unaltered primary microstructure. Meteoric leaching in only
documented is the form of open trabecular centers of coral skeletons.

Forty bryozoan species relating to the orders Cyclostomata and Cheilostomata have been
identified from the Middle Miocene Marmarica Formation in Siwa Oasis. They represent the
most abundant bryozoan species in the studied sections. The whole bryozoan assemblage
includes more than fifty species, all of them are recorded from this locality for the first time
(except four species).
According to their zoarial (=colonial) growth forms, the studied bryofauna are belonging

Twenty-six bryozan species have been identified from the early Miocene sediments of Gebel Gharra (Gharra
Formation). Among them five species are cyclostomes and twenty-one species are cheilostomes. Three species
are believed to be new: Membranipora gharranensis, Ramphonotous crenulata; and Schizoretepora hamzai.
Nearly two thirds of the recorded species have the encrusting zoarial growth-form. The paleoecological
investigation of the studied bryozoans, and the accompanied microfacies has concluded reef to back-reef