Semiconductors, semiconductor doping, the p-n junction properties and applications, the diode, the bipolar transistor, signal amplification, the field effect transistor, Circuit symbols and components, Semiconductor devices, Amplifier operation, feedback. Lock-in operational amplifiers and applications, modulation and detection, integrated circuits. A brief introduction to digital electronics and analog to digital (A/D) conversion.
 

Emission and Absorption of Light, Einstein's Relations, Inverted distribution, and Gain Factor, Optical Resonances, Laser Patterns. Laser’s Type: Solid-State Lasers, Semiconductor Lasers, Gas Lasers, Liquid Dye Lasers, Free Electron Laser and Some Modern Lasers. Laser Beam Characteristics: Laser Spectrum Spectroscopy, Beam Diffraction, Beam Interconnection, Luminescence, Laser Beam Synthesis, Q Modulation, Frequency Multiplication, Phase conjugation  .Laser Applications: Medical, Industrial, Military, Scientific, Standard, Holographic, and Communication.

Gauss law and its applications, Electric Potential, Potential gradient and applications, Capacitors and Dielectrics, Dielectrics and Gauss theory, Electric displacement, polarization, Susceptibility, Dielectric Strength. The magnetic field of conductors, Ampere’s law and its applications. Motion of charged particle in magnetic field and its applications. Electromagnetic induction, Induced electromotive force, Faraday’s law& Lenz’s law, Self and mutual Induction, Current in inductive circuit.