The standard cell placement (SCP) problem is a well-studied placement problem, as it is an important step in the VLSI design process. In SCP, cells are placed on chip to optimize some objectives, such as wirelength or area. The SCP problem is solved using mainly four basic methods: simulated annealing, quadratic placement, min-cut placement, and force-directed placement. These methods are adequate for small chip sizes. Nowadays, chip sizes are very large, and hence, hybrid methods are employed to solve the SCP problem instead of the original methods by themselves.
Many real–world problems are modeled as global continuous optimization problems with a nonlinear objective function. Stochastic methods are used to solve these problems approximately, when solving them exactly is impractical. In this class of methods, swarm intelligence (SI) presents metaheuristics that exploit a population of interacting agents able to self–organize, such as ant colony optimization (ACO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and artificial bee colony (ABC). This paper presents a new SI-based method for solving continuous optimization problems.
Placement is an important step in the VLSI design process, of which standard cell placement (SCP) is a well-studied problem. The four ‘pure’ major algorithms for placement include simulated annealing, quadratic placement, min-cut placement, and force-directed placement. The four pure algorithms are inadequate for today’s complex problems; hybrid methods are better able to solve the current SCP problem sizes. The objective of this paper is to present a swarm intelligence-based method for SCP.
To develop with a thin film interferometer new parameters to describe the drying properties of contact lenses; these are: time to first break-up (onset latency), duration of lens surface drying (drying duration), maximum speed of increase in the drying area (maximum speed), and the time to reach maximum drying speed (peak latency). These new parameters were compared with the contact angle (CA) measurement of contact lenses by the captive bubble (CB) technique.
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