Fluid flow and its relationship to biological systems, blood pressure concept, units and measurement methods, pressure, surface tension and viscosity, thermodynamics for biological systems and its applications. Ultrasonic waves, production, their interaction with the material, applications. Electrical properties of cells, Cells and tissues static potential (resting potential), the action potential and biological applications, methods of measured. Non-ionizing radiation, radio waves, and microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, laser. Ionizing radiation, methods of detection.

Reflection and refraction of light, lenses, optical instruments, wave theory of light interference and diffraction of light. Electrostatics, electric current, DC circuits, electrical instruments, electromagnetism and AC circuits. Introduction to quantum theory, atomic spectra, X-rays.

Properties of nuclei, radioactivity, decay of alpha, beta and gamma, nuclear fission and nuclear

power.

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