This study specifies a modified version of the monetary approach to the balance of payments (MABP) model with free capital flow and fixed exchange rates for Saudi Arabia, and tests the independence of monetary policy of its central bank using annual data from 1960 to 1994. Further, capital flight and speculative inventory behavior of importers of consumer and capital goods in Saudi Arabia are also tested to the expected exchange rate depreciation during the periods of exchange turmoil against the riyal.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of different variables (delivery system, surface contact with the irrigant, the frequency of changing the irrigant and the total volume of the irrigant) of sodium hypochlorite on the elimination of E. faecalis using rotary instrumentation and intermittent passive ultrasonic irrigation (IPUI). MATERIALS and METHODS: Sixty extracted single-rooted teeth were instrumented up to size 20 K-file, then inoculated with E. faecalis.