We have investigated the dinitration of toluene over zeolite under various reaction conditions with the aim to produce 2,4-DNT selectively and in high yield. The best result obtained under produce 2,4-DNT in 90%. Therefore, in an attempt to push the reaction to completion, various acid anhydrides (e.g. anhydrides with different carbon chain length, halogenated acetic anhydrides) were used along with various quantities of zeolites and reagents. It was found that chloroacetic anhydride over Hβ produced 2,4-dinitrotoluene in 98% yield in which 2,4-:2,6-DNT was 49:1.

BACKGROUND:

The estimated prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Saudi Arabia is 7% to 10%. Despite the high prevalence of risk factors including diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia, no recent epidemiological studies have measured the disease burden. We aimed to determine the characteristics of Saudi NAFLD patients attending a university hospital, and study factors affecting alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels.

BACKGROUND:

Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of end stage renal disease. Use of intraperitoneal (IP) nsulin in diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) can restore glucose control to near normal values. The safety and efficacy of this method is unclear.