Data Link Control: framing, flow control, ARQ Stop/wait, Sliding window protocols, DLC standards; Medium Access control Protocols: ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Collision-free protocols; LAN standards: Ethernet, IEEE 802.11; LAN switching: Spanning trees, HUBs, Switches. Network layer services: Packet-switching, VC & datagram; Routing Algorithms:  Shortest path algorithms, Distance Vector, Link State, Multicast routing; Internetworking: encapsulation, fragmentation, IP protocol, IP addressing & subnetting, ICMP, ARP, DHCP; Internet routing: OSPF, BGP.