Papillon–Lefevre syndrome (PLS) (OMIM: 245000) is a rare disease characterized by severe periodontitis and palmoplantar keratoderma. It is caused by mutations in both alleles of the cathepsin C (CatC) gene CTSC that completely abrogate the proteolytic activity of this cysteine proteinase. Most often, a genetic analysis to enable early and rapid diagnosis of PLS is unaffordable or unavailable. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that active CatC is constitutively excreted and can be easily traced in the urine of normal subjects.

Abstract
Objective: To compare the clinical and radiographic parameters around short (6 to 8 mm in length) and long (11 mm in length) dental implants placed in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Abstract
Background: There are no studies that have compared the clinical and radiographic status around immediately-loaded (IL) and conventional loaded (CL) implants placed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Objective: The aim was to compare the clinical and radiographic status around IL and CL implants placed in T2DM patients.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the primary stability and removal torque of bone level and tissue level implants in different bone quality. Fifteen tissue level and bone level implants (3.3x10mm and 4.1x10mm) were used for assessing the stability in type II and type IV bone. Forty bovine rib blocks were used in this study. The primary stability of the implant was measured by the resonance frequency using an Osstel ® device. The removal torque values (RTV) of the implants was assessed using a Digital torque gauge instrument.