In vitro evaluation of the effects of some plant essential oils on Ascosphaera apis, the causative agent of Chalkbrood disease
Journal Article
Al-Waili, Mohammad Javed Ansari , Ahmad Al-Ghamdi , Salma Usmani , Khalid Ali Khan , Abdulaziz S. Alqarni , Manpreet Kaur , Noori . 2016
المجلة \ الصحيفة:
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
رقم العدد:
1
رقم الإصدار السنوي:
1
الصفحات:
1-8
مستخلص المنشور:
The honeybee (Apis mellifera), is an important pollinator of various crops and plant species worldwide. The total annual global economic worth of pollination amounts to an estimated 153 billion euro, representing 10% of the value of the global agricultural production ( Gallai et al., 2009). A mysterious decline in honeybee colonies has gained attention worldwide as they are threatened by various pathogens globally (van_Engelsdorp and Meixner, 2010). The most contagious and destructive diseases that affects honeybee honey brood is Chalkbrood, which is caused by the fungus Ascosphaera apis (Maassen ex Claussen) ( Spiltoir, 1955). A. apis causes significant losses in terms of both bee numbers and colony productivity ( Zaghloul et al., 2005). This disease is now found throughout the world, and there are indications that Chalkbrood incidence may be on the rise (Aronstein and Murray, 2010).
A. apis only produces sexual spores and is heterothallic, thus spores are only produced when mycelia of the two opposite mating types come together and fruiting bodies are formed ( Aronstein et al., 2007). Honeybee larvae primarily get infected by ingesting sexual spores of A. apis with their food. Spores germinate in the lumen of the gut ( Bailey and Ball, 1991). Germination of spores requires very specific conditions that are found in the larval gut environment (Bignell and Heath, 1985). Infected larvae rapidly reduce food consumption, and then stop eating altogether. Theantana and Chantawannakul (2008) recently identified several enzymes produced by A. apis, some of them implicated in assisting the pathogen in penetration of the peritrophic membrane of the bee larval midgut. Fungal spores present on all surfaces within the beehive ( Puerta et al., 1995), and remain viable for many years, providing a continual source of infection. In addition to environmental conditions, interaction between biotic factors such as differences in fungal strains and the genetic background of the bees may affect the incidence and severity of the disease (Flores et al., 2005).
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