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COURSE CONTENTS FOR
145 Zoo
TEXT BOOK: "BIOLOGY" Seventh Edition
By
CAMPBELL & REECE
CHAPTER 5: THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES:
· Most macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers:
Ø The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers:
· Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material:
Ø Sugars
Ø Polysaccharides
· Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
Ø Fat
Ø Phospholipids
Ø Steroids
· Proteins have many structures resulting in a wide range of functions:
Ø A polypeptides
Figures: 5.11, 5.13, 5.14, 5.15, 5.17, 5.18, 5.19, 5.20, 5.21, 5.20 & 5.20
The Cell:
PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES, AUTOTROPHS AND HETEROTROPHS – Bacteria & Viruses
Figures: 18.2, Fig. in Handouts, Fig. 27.2, 18.4 &18.6.
CHAPTER 6: A TOUR OF THE CELL
· Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their function
Ø A panoramic view of the eukaryotic cell, till the end of: Cell walls of Plants
Figures: Fig. 6.9, 6.10, 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14, 6.15, 6.17, 6.18, 6.19, 6.20, Table 6.1, Fig. 6.22, 6.24, 6.23a, 6.23b, 6.26, 6.27 & 6.28.
CHAPTER 7: MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
· The whole chapter is included except:
Ø Some ion pumps generate voltage across membranes.
Ø In cotransport, a membrane protein couples the transport of two solutes.
Figures: 7.5a, 7.5b, 7.5c, 7.7, 7.9a, 7.11a, 7.11b, 7.12, 7.13, 7.14, 7.15, 7.16 & 7.20.
CHAPTER 8: AN INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM:
· ENZYMES
Ø Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers.
Ø The Activation Energy Barrier
Ø How Enzymes Lower the EA Barrier
Ø Substrate Specificity of Enzymes
Ø Catalysis in the Enzyme's Active Site
Ø Effects of Local Conditions on Enzyme Activity
Figures: 8.13, 8.14, 8.15, 8.16, 8.17, 8.18a & 8.18b, 8.19a,b,c.
CHAPTER 9: CELLUAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL ENERGY
· Catabolic pathways yield energy by Oxidizing Organic Fuels
· Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction
· Oxidation of Organic Fuel Molecules During Cellular Respiration
· Stepwise Energy Harvest via NAD+ and the Electron Transport Chain
· The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview
Ø Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
Ø The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
Ø The Pathway of Electron Transport
Ø An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular respiration
Ø Fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen:
1. Alcohol Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation:
Figures: 9.2, 9.3 9.5, 9.6, 8.11, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 9.10, 9.11, 9.12, 9.13, 9.16, 9.17 & 9.18.
Gentics:
CHAPTER 5:
· Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information
Ø The Roles of Nucleic Acids:
Ø The Structure of Nucleic Acids
Ø The DNA Double Helix
CHAPTER 16: THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
· Building a Structural Model of DNA: Scientific Inquiry
· Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair
· DNA replication: A Closer Look
Figures: 5.25, 5.26, 5.27, 16.5, 16.7, 16.8, 16.9, 16.10b, 16.12, 16.13, 16.14, 16.15 & 16.16.
CHAPTER 17: FROM GENE TO PROTEIN:
Ø The products of Gene Expression: A Developing Story
· Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation
· The Genetic Code:
Ø Codons: Triplets of Bases
Ø Cracking the Code
· Transcription is the DNA - directed synthesis of RNA:
Ø Molecular Components of Transcription
Ø Synthesis of an RNA Transcript
· Translation is the RNA - directed synthesis of a polypeptide,
Ø Molecular Components of Translation:
- The Structure and Function of Transfer RNA
- Ribosomes
· Building a Polypeptide, till the end of polyribosomes.
· Genetic Engineering
Figures: 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 17.7, 17.8, 17.13, 17.14, 17.15, 17.16, & 20.2
CHAPTER 12: THE CELL CYCLE (MITOSIS)
· The whole chapter is included up till the end of Cytokinesis.
Figures: 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8 & 12.9.
CHAPTER 13: MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES
· The whole chapter is included till the end of Random Fertilization.
Figures: 13.2, 13.5, 13.7, 13.8, 13.9, 13.10, & 13.11.
CHAPTER14: MENDEL AND THE GENE IDEA
· Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance, till the end of Multiple Alleles
· Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance
Ø Pedigree analysis
Ø Recessively Inherited Disorders:
- Sickle-Cell Disease
- Mating of Close Relatives:
· Genetic problem
Figures: 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.6, 14.7, 14.8, 14.9, 14.10, Table 14.2
CHAPTER 15: THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE
· Linked genes tend to be inherited together.
· Sex-linked genes have unique patterns of inheritance.
Ø The chromosomal basis of sex.
Ø Inheritance of Sex-linked Genes.
· Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause
Ø Abnormal Chromosome Number
Ø Human Disorders Due to Chromosomal Alterations
Figures: 15.8, 15.9, 15.14.
· In humans and other mammals, a complex interplay of hormones regulates gametogenesis, till the end of Menopause.
Figures: 46.9, 46.10, 46.11, 46.12, & 46.13
CHAPTER 45: HORMONES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
· Relationship Between the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
· The Thyroid Gland
· Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin: Control of Blood Calcium
· Insulin and Glucagon: Control of Blood Glucose
· Adrenal Hormones: Response to Stress
· Gonadal Sex Hormones
· Melatonin and Biorhythms
Figures: 45.6, 45.7, 45.8, 45.9, 45.11, 45.12 & 45.13.
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