Some Candida species are found as endosymbionts in most healthy individuals. C. albicans is the most common yeast found on the mucosal membranes of humans including in the oral cavity, esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder and genitalia (1). In immunocompromised individuals, C. albicans has emerged as a true opportunistic pathogen.

Propolis is a regional strongly differing heterogeneous glue material generated by honeybees using plant resins and beeswax. It is used to seal cracks in hives and to protect the bee populations from bacterial and fungal infections [1] and [2].

Beekeeping is one of the most important economic activities for rural communities in Saudi Arabia, where approximately 5000 beekeepers maintain more than one million honeybee colonies and produce approximately 9000 tons of honey annually (Al-Ghamdi, 2007).

This study describes the type of pain assessment and management received by post-operative patients aged 65 years and over with a hip fracture. A retrospective audit of patients’ medical records for the first five post-operative days was used. Forty-three medical records were audited at a large metropolitan hospital in Australia. Charts were eligible for auditing if the patient had a hip fracture surgically repaired and was over 65 years old.

أخذت سلالتين من سلالات نحل العسل وهما المحلي (Apis mellifera jemenitica) والمستورد (Apis mellifera carnica) لدراسة ومقارنة نمو طفيل حلم الفاروا على هاتين السلالتين تحت ظروف منطقة الرياض حيث تم إعداد خمسة طوائف من كل سلالة بعدد 20 حلم في منتصف شهر إبريل وبدأت متابعة تطور الإصابة بهذا الحلم شهريا حتى شهر سبتمبر من نفس العام 2001.