This chapter provides an overview of cell culture models that may be used to predict drug transport across relevant biological barriers. General considerations regarding the utility of such a model are discussed, followed by a brief description of physiological cell barrier properties and cell culture models that have been utilized or proposed to understand mechanisms of drug transport in the intestinal epithelium, the blood–brain barrier (BBB), nasal and pulmonary epithelium, ocular epithelial and endothelial barriers, the placenta, and renal epithelium.

Background: Fetal arrhythmias can lead to fetal congestive heart failure and hydrops fetalis. Digoxin (the first-line treatment) has low transplacental permeability and high risk of maternal side effects. Biodegradable digoxin-loaded PEGylated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles may increase digoxin transport across BeWo b30 cell monolayers (an in vitro model of trophoblast in human placenta) by reducing the drug's interaction with P-gp. Results/methodology: The nanoparticles showed high encapsulation efficiency and sustained release over 48 h.

Honey bee health is directly associated with sustainable
agriculture and various non-agricultural ecosystems.
Honey bees are affected by various pathogens. Among
the brood diseases, caused by these pathogens, American
foulbrood disease (AFB) is by far the most contagious
and destructive brood disease among honey bees.
AFB is caused by the Gram-positive and spore-forming
bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. The spores of P. larvae are
the only form of the bacterium that is infectious to

The honeybee (Apis mellifera), is an important pollinator of various crops and plant species worldwide. The total annual global economic worth of pollination amounts to an estimated 153 billion euro, representing 10% of the value of the global agricultural production ( Gallai et al., 2009).

The greater wax moth or honeycomb moth, Galleria mellonella
L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is the major destructive
and economically important pest of wax comb because
of their feeding habits and tunnelling through the combs
(Jackman and Drees 1998; Chandel et al. 2003). The moth
is widely distributed throughout the world, causing serious
problems in temperate, tropical and subtropical beekeeping
regions, where the warm temperature favour the rapid development
of the moth (Spangler 1989). Also, the development