In 1991 Clayman et al. described the first successful laparoscopic nephrectomy . Since that time, laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal tumors has been routinely preformed in select patients worldwide. During this period, “elective” open partial nephrectomy has established itself as an efficacious therapeutic approach in the treatment of small renal masses similar to that of radical nephrectomy in select patients with a small renal tumor.
A male factor can be attributed to almost 50% of all causes of infertility. Hypofertile men are being increasingly investigated in an effort to find a treatable cause or to rule out more serious underlying conditions such as cancer
