Objectives

This in vitro study aimed to investigate the ability of Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Enterococcus faecalis(E. faecalis) to penetrate dentinal tubules of instrumented and retreated root canal surface of split human teeth.

Materials and Methods

Thirty eight surface sediments samples have been collected in the area around Tarut Island, Saudi Arabian
Gulf to determine the spatial distribution of metals, and to assess the magnitude of pollution. Total concentrations
of Fe, Mn, As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Pb, Se, and Zn in the sediments were measured using
ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer). Nature of sediments and heavy metals distribution
reflect marked changes in lithology, biological activities in Tarut bay. Very high arsenic concentrations