Placement is an important step in the VLSI design process, of which standard cell placement (SCP) is a well-studied problem. The four ‘pure’ major algorithms for placement include simulated annealing, quadratic placement, min-cut placement, and force-directed placement. The four pure algorithms are inadequate for today’s complex problems; hybrid methods are better able to solve the current SCP problem sizes. The objective of this paper is to present a swarm intelligence-based method for SCP.

Purpose:

To develop with a thin film interferometer new parameters to describe the drying properties of contact lenses; these are: time to first break-up (onset latency), duration of lens surface drying (drying duration), maximum speed of increase in the drying area (maximum speed), and the time to reach maximum drying speed (peak latency). These new parameters were compared with the contact angle (CA) measurement of contact lenses by the captive bubble (CB) technique.

Methods: