The cell as a cytotoxic testing system. Labeling the cell molecules. Cell fusion by inactivated viruses and by polyethylene glycol. Study of specialized cells and cells in cultures. Immuno-genetics and the major histo compatibility complex.

Control of gene expression and enzyme differentiation, hormonal control of gene expression, genetic polymorphism among enzyme loci, molecular population genetics and its techniques, DNA sequencing, genetic factors in developmental regulation and the molecular basis of the cytoplasmic inheritance.

Restriction enzymes, cloning vectors and cloning, construction of genomic, chromosome and cDNA libraries, identification of specific clones sequences in cDNA and genomic libraries, DNA sequence analysis, application of genetic engineering, hazards and problems of recombinant DNA technology and the possible techniques to minimize bio-hazards.

هذه مقالة علمية تم فيها استخدام عدد من المقاييس الإحصائية لدراسة سقوط الأمطار في المملكة العربية السعودية.