(232Chem (Chemical Thermodynamic

The Zeroth Law and Temperature: Introduction to temperature scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. Thermal equilibrium, temperature measurement, and the concept of thermal expansion. Heat transfer mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation. First Law of Thermodynamics: Internal energy and its relation to heat and work. Enthalpy and its applications in heat transfer and chemical reactions. Heat capacity and specific heat: concepts and calculations. Calorimetry: measuring heat changes in chemical reactions.

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Introduction to entropy and its significance in thermodynamics. Entropy changes in reversible and irreversible processes. Entropy calculations for ideal gases, solids, and liquids. Heat engines, efficiency, and the Carnot cycle

Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Zero: Nernst's heat theorem and the unattainability of absolute zero. Entropy at absolute zero and its implications.

Free Energy and Chemical Equilibria: Introduction to free energy and its relation to spontaneity. Gibbs free energy and its calculations. Equilibrium constant and its relation to free energy change. Le Chatelier's principle and its applications