(230Chem (Physical Chemistry

Gas Laws and Molecular Kinetic Theory of Gases: The ideal gas law and its applications. Deviations from ideal behavior: real gases and their equations of state Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and the concept of speed and energy distribution in gases Collisions and the concept of mean free path.

The Zeroth Law and Temperature: Introduction to temperature scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. Thermal equilibrium, temperature measurement, and the concept of thermal expansion. Heat transfer mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation. First Law of Thermodynamics: Internal energy and its relation to heat and work. Enthalpy and its applications in heat transfer and chemical reactions. Heat capacity and specific heat: concepts and calculations. Calorimetry: measuring heat changes in chemical reactions.

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Introduction to entropy and its significance in thermodynamics. Entropy changes in reversible and irreversible processes. Entropy calculations for ideal gases, solids, and liquids. Heat engines, efficiency, and the Carnot cycle

Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Zero: Nernst's heat theorem and the unattainability of absolute zero. Entropy at absolute zero and its implications.

Free Energy and Chemical Equilibria: Introduction to free energy and its relation to spontaneity. Gibbs free energy and its calculations. Equilibrium constant and its relation to free energy change. Le Chatelier's principle and its applications

Adsorption and Heterogeneous Catalysis: Introduction to adsorption phenomena and types of adsorption. Langmuir adsorption isotherm and surface area calculations Introduction to heterogeneous catalysis and its applications. Reaction rates, catalytic activity, and selectivity.